Understanding Mpox (Formerly Known as Monkeypox): A Comprehensive Overview
Mpox is an infectious disease caused by the monkeypox virus and is a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus in the family Poxviridae, which also includes the variola virus responsible for smallpox. First discovered in 1958, the disease was named for its occurrence in research monkeys, though rodents are considered to be the natural reservoir. Once rare and limited primarily to parts of Central and West Africa, mpox has seen increased attention due to outbreaks in regions where it is not endemic.
Historical Context of Mpox Outbreaks and Epidemiology
Mpox was first identified in humans in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo (then Zaire), during intensified efforts to eliminate smallpox. While historically most cases remained within West and Central Africa and were associated with zoonotic transmission cycles — often linked to handling bushmeat or suffering bites from infected animals — mpox has occasionally exported itself overseas. Its epidemiology has been shaped by the decline of smallpox vaccination, which also offered protection against mpox and ceased globally after smallpox’s eradication. This has gradually reduced population immunity over time, potentially contributing to a wider spread of monkeypox infections.
Clinical Features and Transmission of Mpox
The clinical presentation of mpox is similar to, but typically less severe than, that of smallpox. The incubation period averages 7 to 14 days after exposure, though it can range from 5 up to 21 days. Individuals usually start with symptoms resembling influenza, including fever, headache, muscle aches, backache, and exhaustion. One distinguishing characteristic of mpox compared to smallpox is lymphadenopathy—swelling of the lymph nodes. Within 1-3 days (sometimes longer) after the appearance of fever, patients develop a rash that usually begins on the face and spreads to other parts of the body.
Human-to-human transmission can occur through close contact with respiratory secretions, skin lesions of an infected person, or recently contaminated objects. The respiratory droplets generally require prolonged face-to-face contact, putting household members and healthcare workers at higher risk. Additionally, it is known that mpox can spread from mother to fetus via placenta or through close contact during and after birth.
Diagnosis and Treatment Challenges Associated with Mpox
The clinical diagnosis of mpox can often be asserted based on the distinctive rash and accompanying symptoms; however laboratory confirmation is necessary for accurate detection. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the preferred laboratory test due to its ability to distinguish between orthopoxviruses accurately.
Treatment for mpox focuses on relieving symptoms and preventing complications. Antivirals developed for smallpox may be recommended particularly for severe cases, along with vaccination with Imvamune®, Jynneos® or ACAM2000®, albeit these might evoke considerable side effects. Complications may include secondary bacterial infections, bronchopneumonia, sepsis, encephalitis, and infection of the cornea with ensuing loss of vision.
Mpox Prevention
Prevention strategies include personal hygiene measures such as regular hand washing with soap and water or using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer especially after contact with infected individuals or animals. Protection may also be afforded through vaccinations which were mainly established for smallpox, but these are usually reserved for healthcare workers or those otherwise at high risk until a case appears locally. Avoiding direct contact with animals that could harbor the virus (specifically rodents), avoiding consumption of undercooked meat and utilization of materials from infectious animals are guidelines principally directed towards people in endemic areas.
Encountering Mpox: Public Health Perspectives and Awareness
Raising awareness about mpox amongst healthcare professionals is crucial for early detection and prompt isolation of cases to prevent an outbreak. Education campaigns should focus on populations at risk to help them understand transmission modes so they can take precautions. Public understanding needs frequent updates from health organizations about signs, symptoms, and what steps they need to take if they suspect they have come into contact with the virus.